General Orders No. 11, Grand Army of the Republic

 

General Orders No. 11, Grand Army of the Republic Headquarters.

I.     The 30th day of May, 1868, is designated for the purpose of strewing with flowers, or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village and hamlet churchyard in the land. In this observance no form or ceremony is prescribed, but Posts and com­rades will, in their own way arrange such fitting services and testimonials of respect as circumstances may permit.

We are organized, Comrades, as our regulations tell us, for the purpose among other things, “of preserving and strengthening those kind and fraternal feelings which have bound together the soldiers sailors and marines, who united to suppress the late rebellion.”  What can aid more to assure this result than by cherishing tenderly the memory of our heroic dead?  We should guard their graves with sacred vigilance.  All that the consecrated wealth and taste of the nation can add to their adornment and security, is but a fitting tribute to the memory of her slain defenders.  Let pleasant paths invite the coming and going of reverent visitors and fond mourners.  Let no neglect, no ravages of time, testify to the present or to the coming generations that we have forgotten as a people the cost of a free and undivided republic.

If other eyes grow dull and other hinds slack, and other hearts cold in the solemn trust, ours shall keep it well as long as the light and warmth of life remain in us.

Let us, then, at the time appointed, gather around their sacred remains, and garland the passionless mounds above them with choicest flowers of springtime; let us raise above them the dear old flag they saved; let us in this solemn presence renew our pledge to aid and assist those whom they have left among us a sacred charge upon the Nation’s gratitude—the soldier’s and sailor’s widow and orphan.

II.         It is the purpose of the Commander-in-Chief to inaugurate this observ­ance with the hope that it will be kept up from year to year, while a survivor of the war remains to honor the memory of his departed comrades. He earnestly desires the public press to call attention to this Order, and lend its friendly aid in bringing it to the notice of comrades in all parts of the country in time for simultaneous compliance therewith.

III.      Department commanders will use every effort to make this Order effective.

By Command of:

John A. Logan
Commander in Chief                                   May 5, 1868

Smallpox, History, Genealogy, and Context

This is a true story about science and public policy that should get the attention of genealogists and historians:

A little more than thirty years ago, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been effectively eradicated around the globe.  Smallpox was an especially nasty disease that in the 20th century alone killed half a billion people. Its demise was due to modern vaccines and a concerted effort by scientists, physicians, governments, and nongovernmental organizations to reach populations in every corner of the world.  This was one of the exceptional achievements of 20th century science and public policy.

There was a problem, however, after eradication of the disease: there were reference samples of the smallpox virus held in research facilities around the world. What to do about them?  The World Health Organization determined that they should be destroyed. The governments of both the United States and Russia argued vehemently against this idea, asserting that maintaining research stocks could lead to the development of new drugs to deal with other diseases. Eventually, all the smallpox samples on Earth except two were destroyed. One of the surviving stocks is held in a high security laboratory at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia, USA; the other is resident in a similar facility at the State Center Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia.

The smallpox story came to mind recently as I read about and contemplated the circumstances of a cemetery in El Dorado County, California, just a few miles from my home in suburban Sacramento County. In 1848, just prior to the discovery of gold in the Sierra foothills, black miners worked an area of the lower American River, near what is now the city of Folsom. Soon, there was built up a thriving community of black, Chinese, Portuguese, and Irish miners.  The settlement was called Negro Hill. The mining was good. When the nearby town of Mormon Island burned to the ground, its residents were welcomed into Negro Hill. Among the citizens of Negro Hill were Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker, two of the men known later as “The Big Four” who built the transcontinental railroad east from Sacramento. (Stanford was later Governor of California and namesake benefactor Stanford University).

But within a few years, like so many other placer mining areas, the metal around Negro Hill was exhausted.  The community shrank into a near-ghost town.

In the late 1940′s the federal government decided to dam the American River just above Folsom. The resulting reservoir, now known as Folsom Lake, would flood many historic communities, including Negro Hill.  Efforts were made to remove and preserve historic artifacts, including a number of grave sites at the Negro Hill cemetery.  In 1954, the Army Corps of Engineers relocated thirty-six graves to another site in El Dorado County, providing new grave markers.

The new markers were stamped “Nigger Hill.”  The Corps of Engineers blamed the slur on locally-produced maps. No one seemed to take responsibility and no one knew who had jurisdiction over the site.

Just this week, after years of prodding by citizens, the El Dorado County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to replace the offensive markers with new ones. The decades-long debate had been quite contentious. Some advocated leaving the markers alone as a reminder of the wicked past–that it may never happen again. Of course, others strongly opposed that idea. Today the region seems to be united behind the replacement plan.

What should we do as genealogists, historians, and archivists with documents and artifacts which may be reflective of prevailing attitudes of a past era, but are gravely offensive today?

I once was in an antique store, really more of junk warehouse, and I came across a sign which once had been nailed to the door of a Sacramento restaurant.  It read, “No dogs, Negroes, or Mexicans.”  I bought the sign for $2.00.  I was at the time an associate professor at a prominent western undergraduate institution. For awhile, I hung the sign underneath my law degree on my office wall.  But it soon became apparent that only a very few people got the message I was conveying. For most people, the contextual juxtaposition had little effect and they were offended and dismayed. I took the sign down and today it is buried somewhere in my garage amidst the clutter of a thirty-five year career of pushing into places my ancestors of African descent were not allowed.

Ancestry.com Replies to “Those Oldies But Goodies”

After having posted about “ancient research aids,”  I got a very pleasant email from John Bacus, a product manager on Ancestry.com’s search engine.  He pointed out the “location filters” on the search engine.  They are located just under the location box in each search box, just as the name filters are just beneath the name boxes.  These filters,allow a user to restrict to the exact place specified, to a specific county, or a county and adjacent counties, or the particular state, among the “granularity options.”   So even with new search, it’s  possible to query the number people named Johnson in Clay County, Missouri, on the 1930 census.

I think these filters work well.  I had been overlooking them for awhile–quite embarrassing since I was in the first group of bloggers shown these features before they debuted!  I encourage you to try them with various levels of granularity and see the results produced.

Research Note: Those Oldies but Goodies (“Ancient” Research Aids)

I must say that I’m always excited to hear of new processes, new software, new methods, new hardware, new, new, new, new everything! Now while I’m not one who must go out and be the first to have something new, just for the sake of being first to have it, I will usually upgrade as soon as I possibly can afford to (after having made a considered investigation, of course).

What do we do with things that are old? All too often, we cast them out, banish them never to be seen again, ridicule them as ancient, laugh at those who use them, and in other ways disrespect them, at least until they are old enough to be rediscovered or rebranded as “venerable” or antique.

Is it hard for you to suppress a laugh at the old couple down the street who still have a dial telephone? When was the last time you played a 33 1/3 LP? Or a 45? Or 78? Did you know that Rambler was once the name of a top-selling automobile in America?

As this world has moved at warp speed from hi-fi to Wi-Fi, some things that we used to enjoy now seem hopelessly useless.

By the by, genealogical sports fans, when was the last time you perused the IGI? Or the PRF?

“The what? And the who?”

Now ask yourself this, “When was the last time I looked into the old version of FamilySearch.org?”

When did you last use “Old Search” on Ancestry.com?

I admit it’s been a long time since I’d done any of those things! But a spirited e-mail correspondence with a knowledgeable person concerning the potential origins of one of my research surnames led me back to both “Old Search,” and “old” FamilySearch.org. And I found myself contemplating possibilities that I had never contemplated before.

These ancient (in techie terms) databases still yield valuable clues and information that may assist one in one’s research. Take the IGI for example. (“The what!?” International Genealogical Index). As you may recall, the IGI contains hundreds of millions of records of life events such as births marriages and deaths,from around the world. it’s conveniently broken into regions of the world such as North America or South America and sometimes subregion such as Southwest Europe. Sometimes individual countries are broken out on the IGI. There is even a “World Miscellaneous” listing of records on the IGI.

International Genealogical Index Screenshot

Remember This?


Click on an IGI name and you’ll find an individual record that may include a spouse’s name, parents names, a pedigree chart, or a family group sheet. Individual record may also contain the name and address of the person who provided the information. Caveat –many of these addresses may be outdated.

IGI individual records also contain a Family History Library microfilm number. Click on the number and you’ll see a description of the records contained in that particular microfilm roll.

The individual IGI records can be printed or downloaded to your computer.

IGI records come mainly from people who lived between 1500 and 1885. Many were submitted by members of the LDS church.

So why on earth would you want to use the IGI today, with so many other modern tools out there? Well, you might want a lot of information quickly in a particular format. You might find clues that you’ve overlooked in other resources. You might discern patterns that you can’t quite make out from other resources. You might find ancestors from overseas that you couldn’t find anywhere else. And all of this is free.

You do take a somewhat greater risk of unreliability with the IGI, but if you think of it as an aid and not as a final repository, you may find it to be a useful tool in your research.

The same could be said of other aspects of the old family search such as the PRF (“The who?!” Pedigree Resource File), or Ancestral File.

I found that reviewing these databases presented me with some interesting and thought-provoking questions about some of my research surnames.

And how about “Old Search” on Ancestry.com? I was  among those who clamored for the “New Search” and I love it. For many, many months now I haven’t even bothered to take a look at “Old Search.” But recently, in the course of the same correspondence I referenced above, I found the old version quite handy for something I needed.  For example, say you want to know “how many people named Johnson lived in Clay County, Missouri in 1870?” You’ll find the answer better presented in the old Ancestry.com search format than the new. The new format is “person-centric.” The old one is more surname-geographic. Each has its strengths, depending upon what you want to do.

So don’t abandon these oldies but goodies just yet. Unfortunately, especially with FamilySearch.org,  it’s hard to tell how long the old stuff will be around.

Hey, buddy, can I borrow a quarter? I want to make a phone call, then stop by McDonald’s for a burger. . . .

Edna Micheau is 90 years old!

Check out today’s special birthday slideshow to the right – – – – – –>

Edna Mary Micheau Penny was born on May 10, 1921 in St. Louis Missouri. Her parents were Joseph Perry Micheau (1888-1975) of Prairie du Rocher, Illinois, and Edna Julia Lewis (1890-1989), of Carbondale, Illinois.  From the time she was born until 2008 she lived almost exclusively in St. Louis. However as a child she did spend several years in Prairie du Rocher. She recalls that her father did gardening around St. Joseph’s Church in Prairie du Rocher which was diagonally across the street from the house. Her mother was the first black teacher in Prairie du Rocher, taking over at the colored school when the nuns left.

She is a seventh generation Catholic and her family historically has been very devout. They became Catholic in 1722, when their forebears were brought as slaves from Santo Domingo by Philip Renault to Upper Louisiana to find gold and silver for the King of France. Renault never found precious metals, but he did find lead, which is still mined today in southern Illinois and eastern Missouri.

Edna’s father Joseph had wanted to become a priest, but after meeting Edna Lewis, God showed him a different way.

Edna Mary had five siblings: John Joseph Micheau, who died in infancy in 1915; Claude Alexander Micheau (1917-1991); Philip A Micheau (1919-2008); and Ottie Margarett Micheau Perkins, and Mary Anne Micheau Robinson, the latter two still living.

In St. Louis, Edna attended St. Rita School and Sumner High School.

On June 17, 1939, Edna Mary Micheau wed Ralph A Penny (1920-1983) at St. Peter’s Catholic Church in Kirkwood Missouri. It was a double ceremony as her brother, Philip, at the same time, married Alquinston White (1921-1989).

Ralph and Edna had four children: Edna Mary Penny (1941-2008); David Joseph Penny (1942-2007); Claude Anthony Penny of Dallas Texas; and Margaret Ann Penny Manson of Carmichael California.

She has two grandchildren David Penny and Christopher Penny, who live in Washington state and a great-grandchild, Christopher’s daughter with his wife Melissa, Jacqueline Elizabeth Penny.  She has numerous nieces and nephews all across the USA.

As a young woman, Edna trained as a licensed practical nurse (LPN). She worked for many years at a neighborhood health center near the intersection of Cass Avenue and North Jefferson in St. Louis.

A shy but inquisitive woman, Edna would take her children on trips across the country by train. For example in 1962 she took her two youngest children Claude and Margarett to Seattle to see the worlds fair. Another time she took her children to South Dakota to see Mount Rushmore.

For herself, Edna continually educate yourself about things that merely interest her. For example she once took an auto mechanics class, though she did not own or drive a car at the time. She learned to make her own soap and paper; and in the 1950s she made up virtually all of her children’s clothes, including a business suit for her eldest son David.

But it is her Catholic faith that defines Edna Micheau Penny more than anything. She attends mass every day of the week and prays the rosary multiple times during the day.. Her favorite television channel is the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN).

After she retired from the active workforce, Edna was a fixture at Birthright of St. Louis Inc. For nearly 30 years, she attended the March for Life in Washington DC, riding a bus on the 24 hour round-trip.

In 2008, the culmination of tragic events, including the second premature death of one of her children, led Edna Micheau Penny to come live with her daughter and son-in-law in California. Here her pastimes include rocking babies at Mercy women’s health Center while their mothers receive treatment. She still attends daily mass sometimes walking in the rain to make it there. When for some reason there’s not a mass, she will sit in the chapel with the Blessed Sacrament.

California has been somewhat of an adjustment for them. We drive too fast we talk too fast and we each strange foods according to her. She’s fiercely proud of her Catholic upper Louisiana heritage. Once when someone asked her what race she was, it not being particularly obvious, she said “I’m Illinois French.”

Family means everything to her. Lately thanks to a son-in-law she’s discovered genealogy. She’s intensely interested in her Micheau/Mischeaux cousins throughout the country, though most remain in St. Louis.

She spends time with her daughter and son-in-law (although at their house she’s more likely to see the Game Show Network than EWTN–Chuck Woolery instead of Mother Angelica; Lingo instead of Latin!).

Happy 90th birthday to the world’s greatest mother-in-law!

This Mother of Mine: One of God’s Greatest Gifts

All good mothers come from God. Eventually God takes them back. I’ve been blessed to have mine remain here a while longer but that doesn’t cease my appreciation of her as a gift from God. Happy Mother’s Day, Mom!

A Portrait of My Mom

Portions of this post appeared previously in July 2007 under the title “Mom’s Diamond Jubilee”

Mom was born in Kansas City, Missouri. Her father, Eddie Gines, had come there from Shreveport in about 1920; for what reason, I do not know. Her mother, Annie Florida Corrine Long, was a native of Kansas City. Mom was one of seven children, three of whom survive.

Mom had red hair as a child, a fact which lately I’ve come to regard as a genealogical clue. Her mother reportedly said that no black child had any business with red hair, and therefore combed Mom’s hair with coffee every day in the hope that it would turn black. Mom still has red hair nearly fourscore years later and my sister was born with red hair.

Mom, 1953

I never had the impression of my mother as “bookish,” but she did go to college at age 16, and majoring in education, graduated at age 20. She met my father during their college years (she was a junior when he was a freshman). And speaking of “bookish,” the story goes that when he asked her to a basketball game for their first date, she brought a book and spent the whole game reading it! Fortunately for me, that did not keep them from continuing to date and eventually marry.

My parents live in California now, far from where either of them was raised. I doubt that as a child or even as a young adult, my mother ever foresaw living in California. I’m not sure what her dreams were as an adolescent. I do know that she gave up a postgraduate fellowship to become a wife and mother.

I can recall my mother dressed as the archetypal 1950s housewife. My father was an Army officer; she was in the Officers Wives Club–a much-maligned institution by the late 1960s and 1970s. We went to Mass every Sunday and every Holy Day of Obligation; Mom was in the Ladies’ Soldality. She took an active interest in our schooling and was in the PTA. She stood for propriety, integrity, good manners, and respect for others.

But at the same time, I never saw Mom as a June Cleaver or a Stepford Wife. She was fiercely protective of her brood; indeed, there were sometimes battles to be fought for us at a time when kids our age were being shut out of public school or being blown up by domestic terrorists at Sunday school.

My earliest recollection of my mother involves a tornado. We lived in Jefferson City, Missouri. Mom was hanging laundry on the clothesline in the back and I was sitting on a step at the back door. The winds picked up suddenly and the sky turned green. Mom hurriedly took the wash down said we had to get inside. Then I next recall us living at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Mom was pregnant with my sister. She was sweeping the floor when she began coughing violently. I didn’t know what to do. As she bent over double in pain, the lady next door came over. Mom was taken to the hospital where it was discovered that she had coughed so hard that she had broken a rib.

We went to Germany in 1958 on the same troop ship as one recently drafted Private Elvis Aaron Presley. Mom appears in a photograph taken on the ship which appears on the back of one of Elvis’ first post-Army albums. In Germany, Elvis was extremely popular. One day, a young German man appeared at our apartment and asked if we had any pictures of Elvis. Mom said, “No,” and began n to close the door. The young man now demanded a picture of Elvis and punctuated his demand by pulling a knife. Mom forced the door closed with all of her weight (perhaps 110 pounds); locked it and called the police.

I’ve never seen my mother take a drink of alcohol, although she maintains a supply in the house for guests. I saw my mother smoke a cigarette just once. And the circumstances were strange. We lived in Albuquerque then and the lady who lived next door (and is now likely deceased) smoked like a chimney. One spring day, when I was about twelve, I came home from school to find Mom and the neighbor lady sitting in the front yard in lawn chairs. Each was smoking a cigarette. I was shocked to see Mom with a cigarette in her hand. I said, “Mom, what are you doing?” She said, “I am smoking. Would you like to try it?” I hesitated, and then said, “Okay.” She handed me the cigarette and told me to draw the smoke into my lungs. I tried to do so and ended up coughing my head off. Mom asked, “What do you think?” I said, “it’s awful!” She said, “That’s right, so don’t ever do it again.” That was the only time I had a cigarette and the first and last time I ever saw my mother with a cigarette.

In 1965, my father got orders to go to Korea. It was what the Army calls an “unaccompanied tour.” That meant that we would stay in Albuquerque during his year Korea. Mom would do the job of two parents. She made it look effortless all the while making sure we thought of and wrote to our father often. Again, in 1968, Dad got orders to go to Vietnam for one year. And again, Mom had to be two parents. I can’t imagine this is easy for any mother, but it must be particularly difficult for a woman with three adolescent boys with typical adolescent boy interests.

Mom has a great sense of humor. That’s a good thing for her children who occasionally make fun of her Midwestern accent! She has certain favorite sayings. (“That’s wrong; that’s wrong as two left feet!”). And of course we knew we were in real trouble when she called us by our full names! She cried with us when our first pet, parakeet named Billie Boy, died suddenly.

My mother probably wouldn’t in the first instance describe herself as an animal lover. But the facts may prove it. In 1966, when he was back from Korea, Dad one night found a a jet black Persian kitten under his car. Mom said we could keep the kitten just until we found the real owner. She made it clear that the cat wasn’t staying. Seventeen years later, my mother called me at my Air Force base in Britain to tell me that Topcat had passed away. When my grandmother’s husband passed away, leaving their dog King homeless, Mom welcomed him to her house. When my brother was sent to Germany by the Army, Mom took in his dog, Tiger and ended up keeping him until the dog died  six years later.

Today, my mother still works a forty hour a week job. She’s a Eucharistic minister at her church. (It is a bit of an adjustment for a pre-Vatican II Catholic boy such as myself to get used to taking communion from his mother!). She takes pride in the accomplishments of her children and grandchildren.

Mom with Dad, 2007

It would take I know, a Michelangelo,

and he would need the glow of dawn that lights the sky above,

to try to paint a portrait of Mom’s love.

[adapted from "A Portrait of My Love," lyrics by Norman Newell, OBE (1919-2004), under pseudonym "David West."  Copyright 1960, Parlophone Records (U.K.)